Nepalvisit

a. International Organizations as a Subject of International Law 1. Concept and Definition Concept International organizations (IOs) are entities established by sovereign states through international agreements (usually treaties) to carry out common objectives. Unlike non-governmental organizations (NGOs), which are governed by national laws, IOs operate under international law and play a significant role in global governance. Definition Martin Dixon defines international organizations as "entities created by treaties between states and endowed with rights and obligations under international law". Ian Brownlie describes them as "entities possessing international rights and obligations and having the capacity to maintain their rights by bringing international claims and being responsible for breaches of obligations". The ICJ Reparation for Injuries Case (1949) recognized the United Nations as having an object...

Introduction The Stationery Shop of Tehran is a novel written by Marjan Kamali, an Iranian-American writer, which portrays the love germinated amidst the political chaos in Iran. The story presents the threads that either break or make a love story succeed, be it a political situation of a country, familial preferences, or the determination of two lovers.  Summary  In a country having two poles regarding political beliefs, pro-prime minister and pro-shah meet a simple high school girl, Roya Joon, who loves to read, and a politically active and motivated Bahman, who wants to change the country. The love story germinates through the stationery shop owned by Mr. Fakri, who also helps people communicate by providing a platform: the stationery shop. The development of the love story further succeeds in concluding the engagement.  With the grave political situation affecting the country, the communication between Roya and Bahman gets affected too. Though they find a way out to ...

Even now, in the shadow of Nepal’s mountains and across its southern plains, a quiet injustice plays out every month. Girls and women, for no fault of their own, are told to leave their homes not because they are sick, not because they are dangerous, but simply because they are menstruating. The practice is called Chhaupadi . And despite being banned, it hasn’t vanished. It’s not a story from the past; for many, it’s still painfully part of the present. Women are banished to sheds or cowsheds during their periods, left to brave cold nights, snake bites, hunger, and sometimes even death. Though criminalized under Nepalese law, the practice survives. And this isn’t just about being sent outside the house. It’s about something deeper, the belief that menstruation somehow taints a woman, making her presence unwelcome and her touch feared. The idea isn’t limited to remote corners of Nepal. All around the world, in different names and rituals, the same message echoes: that a girl’s biology i...

  Chapter 2 Sources of PIL a.        Meaning of Source Meaning of Sources in Public International Law Definition of Sources The term "sources" of Public International Law (PIL) refers to the origins from which international legal rules derive their authority and validity. Malcolm N. Shaw defines a source of PIL as fulfilling two key requirements: Legitimacy  – It must be recognized by a legitimate authority. Due Process – It must be established through an accepted law-making process. Andrea Bianchi also refers to "sources of PIL" as "international law-making processes," highlighting the procedural aspect of law creation. Sources vs. Evidence of PIL Sources of PIL : These are the origins of legal rules (e.g., treaties, customs). Evidence of PIL : These are materials that help determine the existence of a legal rule (e.g., judicial decisions, scholarly writings). Primary ...